Cresol novolac epoxy resin traces its roots back to the surge of synthetic polymer research in the early-to-mid twentieth century. Phenolic resins set the stage, and with time, chemists started exploring ways to improve thermal resistance and chemical stability. In labs around the mid-century, researchers realized that substituting phenol with cresol in novolac resins created a base with better solvent resistance, offering more consistent performance in harsh environments. This moment didn’t just happen out of thin air; it grew from years of incremental improvements, notes swapped between chemical engineers, and market demand for stronger, longer-lasting coatings and composites. Factories wanted a material that pushed past the limits of old-school phenolic and straight epoxy offerings, especially for microelectronics, printed circuits, and chip encapsulation. By the 1970s, this resin wasn’t just a laboratory curiosity. It began anchoring real-world applications that demanded reliability over decades, not just years.
Cresol novolac epoxy resin falls under thermoset polymers. It’s built on a backbone of cresol-based novolac, which brings multiple epoxy groups to the table. This structure stands out compared to common bisphenol A or F-based epoxies. The increased number of functional epoxy sites means you see higher crosslink density once cured, and that translates into superior heat and chemical resistance. Key industries use it as a binding and encapsulation material—especially where electronic circuits come into contact with corrosive atmospheres or significant electrical loads. This resin doesn’t just replace traditional solutions; it changes the way manufacturers approach product design, quality control, and durability expectations.
Cresol novolac epoxy resins usually appear as viscous, amber liquids or semi-solids. The dense network of aromatic rings and their epoxy functionality gives these materials a high glass transition temperature, often comfortably sitting above 120 degrees Celsius. Water absorption stays low, even under extended humidity stress. Solvent resistance stands out as well. Unlike regular epoxies, cresol novolac types can shrug off harsher organic solvents, acids, and bases, thanks to their tightly crosslinked structure. Once cured, these resins don’t soften easily, don’t absorb much moisture, and tend not to creep or deform under load. These traits make them a natural choice in situations where product failure means more than just inconvenience. In places like densely packed circuit assemblies, heat and chemical resistance can mean the difference between success and product recall.
Product datasheets for cresol novolac epoxy resins share technical details like epoxy equivalent weight (EEW), viscosity at specific temperatures, and residual monomer content. In practice, EEWs usually range from 170 to 250 g/eq, though it varies based on supplier and grade. Viscosity matters because it dictates how the resin flows around delicate electronic parts or into molds. Labels often include batch traceability, safe storage instructions, and recommended curing schedules. I’ve rarely seen a reputable supplier skip the GHS hazard labeling, as these chemicals carry health and environmental risks if mishandled. Cross-referencing the Technical Data Sheet (TDS) and Safety Data Sheet (SDS) ensures people on the shop floor know what they’re dealing with—even if they’re new to thermosets.
Cresol novolac epoxy resin grows out of a controlled reaction between cresol-based novolac and epichlorohydrin, under alkaline conditions. Getting the balance right takes experience and a close watch on temperature and stirring rates. The basic reaction attaches epoxide rings to the phenolic backbone, but you can push the outcome toward lower or higher molecular weight—depending on where you stop the reaction or how much epichlorohydrin you use. After the reaction, the mix gets washed and separated to remove salts and byproducts. What’s left is a raw amber resin, ready for formulation into coatings, encapsulations, or prepregs. Production teams I’ve spoken with keep a close watch on contamination, as small changes can throw off final performance in ways customers notice months, not days, down the line.
The multiepoxy structure of cresol novolac makes it easy to modify. Chemists often tweak the resin with flexibilizing agents for less brittle cures, or introduce flame retardants by grafting new groups onto the backbone. The base resin cures through classic ring-opening reactions, often kicked off by amines or anhydrides. By controlling cure speed and ambient conditions, manufacturers can fine-tune the network structure, dialing up or down the glass transition temperature or mechanical strength. Over the years, as circuit boards shrank and performance targets went up, research teams kept searching for fresh blends—sometimes using nanoparticles for added strength, sometimes using siloxane additives to cut moisture uptake. Each modification brings its own set of tradeoffs, so engineers have to weigh ease-of-processing against long-term reliability and safety.
You’ll often find cresol novolac epoxy resin sold under different trade names and codes, depending on region and supplier. Some know it as poly(cresol-formaldehyde) glycidyl ether, while others reference technical codes like ECN or PCN resins. The main players in resin supply use proprietary names—like D.E.N. from Olin or Araldite ECN from Huntsman—each with qualities tweaked for a specific placement, pot life, or strength profile. Technical buying teams and formulators usually keep side-by-side spec sheets for these branded resins to make sure they match process requirements, especially in industries where one failed batch can mean a million-dollar recall. No matter the brand, the core chemistry stays rooted in cresol and epoxide chemistry, difference living in the fine print of additives and molecular weight ranges.
Working with cresol novolac epoxy resin means taking safety seriously. These chemicals carry health risks through both skin and inhalation exposure. Proper gloves—usually nitrile—and fume control are a must for anyone charging or mixing the resin. Once I skipped protective eyewear during a routine test and learned firsthand how even brief contact can irritate skin. Chronic exposure to unreacted epichlorohydrin or cresol residues links to respiratory and liver issues. Facilities keep emergency wash stations in easy reach, and I always see strict protocols for storage: away from ignition sources and temperature swings. Waste handling stays precise: every container labeled, every spill cleaned, every scrap accounted for in disposal logs. Most modern plants follow ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 guidelines, with regular audits to verify compliance. Training isn’t a checkbox; most firms run annual refreshers to make sure new and old staff know the drill.
Cresol novolac epoxy resin has found steady ground in electronics manufacturing, especially in semiconductor encapsulation and the production of high-reliability circuit boards. The resin’s high crosslink density and strong chemical resistance suit it for underfill materials in flip-chip processing, where it cushions and insulates fragile chips against stress and moisture. Automotive electronics, industrial sensors, and aerospace systems also rely on these resins for long-term performance. The construction industry came knocking, too, using this resin in flooring systems and adhesives that shrug off caustic spills and heavy impacts. I remember an engineering colleague remarking that without cresol novolac-based underfills, the latest batch of high-density BGA packages for telecommunications might not have passed accelerated aging. That speaks to the shift in how people use materials science to solve problems that didn’t even exist twenty years ago.
Research into cresol novolac epoxy resins doesn’t just circle around the same formulas. There's a constant push for better thermal cycling endurance, faster cures, and greener processing. Teams at university labs and company R&D departments experiment with new catalysts and bio-based modifiers, slowly replacing hazardous reagents or improving workplace safety. Analytical chemists keep measuring residual stresses and crosslink density using advanced tools like differential scanning calorimetry or NMR spectroscopy. Every year, specialty journals publish new findings showing how a small shift in backbone structure or a tweak in curing agent changes both microstructure and long-term stability. Collaborative efforts between resin producers and electronics giants have unlocked ways to make chips smaller without losing reliability. From my own time working with development chemists, the breakthrough moments usually came from side conversations—a failed batch leading to a new line of questions, and suddenly the team stumbled on a better prepreg or a more tolerant capacitor encapsulant.
Toxicity remains an active field of study in cresol novolac epoxy resins. Early studies found that exposure to cresol components and epichlorohydrin could cause skin, eye, and respiratory irritation. Long-term animal studies flagged concerns over organ toxicity and possible carcinogenicity with chronic exposure—especially in poorly controlled facilities. Environmental chemists now run extensive migration and degradation studies, measuring how these resins hold up under UV light, temperature cycling, and after disposal. Waste and byproduct controls have tightened up; a lot of countries mandate contained incineration or deep-well disposal for cresol-laden waste. End-of-life scenarios—especially electronics recycling—raise big questions about what happens as casings and encapsulants start to break down, possibly leaching residuals into soil or water. One fix involves switching to less volatile or less harmful precursors, but this usually comes with a tradeoff in cure speed or resin toughness. Lab workers and process engineers lobby hard to keep safety standards high and update personal protective equipment to match evolving risk profiles.
Looking forward, cresol novolac epoxy resin will continue to evolve alongside electronics manufacturing and advanced composites. Next-generation products need even tighter control over moisture resistance, thermal stability, and processing speed. Trends in miniaturization and power density mean old-fashioned resins can no longer keep up with new requirements. Industry and university consortiums are developing hybrid systems—merging cresol novolacs with silicones or fluoropolymers—to target new applications in electric vehicles, renewable energy, and defense. The push for sustainability may drive a shift to bio-based or recyclable resins, even if the chemistry presents hurdles. Regulatory pressure from global agencies nudges manufacturers to reduce hazardous substances at every step, turning sustainability into a technical challenge, not just a marketing buzzword. As people keep asking more from their electronics—faster, safer, longer-lasting—the need for smart materials like cresol novolac epoxy resin won’t drop off. The resin’s story keeps unfolding, shaped by both market demand and the personal dedication of researchers, plant operators, and the people relying on the products every day.
Cresol Novolac epoxy resin won’t win any awards for name recognition, but in the world of advanced materials, it pulls a lot of weight. Compared to your standard bisphenol-A epoxies, cresol novolac formulas have a higher number of reactive sites. That small tweak changes everything: the end product resists heat, moisture, and chemicals far better than most. Working in electronics manufacturing, I’ve seen up close how these resins shield vital parts from punishing conditions. Without them, the reliability of devices we take for granted would look very different.
Circuit boards face no shortage of threats—think constant cycles of heating and cooling, wicking exposure to humidity, corrosive chemicals in manufacturing lines. The job calls for more than just a plastic shell. Cresol novolac epoxy resin anchors itself as the foundation for electronic encapsulation compounds. It wraps chips and delicate soldered connections, creating a tightly linked matrix that stands up to temperature swings and harsh production chemicals. In memory chips and semiconductors, this resin offers dependable insulation, helping devices soldier on long after lesser coatings would peel or warp. The data backs this up: engineers report lower failure rates, especially in environments that push temperature or chemical extremes.
Step into a power plant or a heavy-duty processing facility. Pipes, tanks, electrical housings—all of it needs shielded from heat and chemical splash. Cresol novolac epoxy resin isn’t just a paint—its high cross-link density blocks acids, bases, and solvents, so gear lasts longer and keeps the plant running. I remember an old water treatment site where they fought constant corrosion in their pumps. Switching to a cresol novolac-based lining extended their replacement cycle by years, slashing downtime and maintenance costs. It’s stories like these that show the resin’s value outside the lab.
Printed circuit board (PCB) production relies on laminates tough enough to handle tight packing and fine traces. Manufacturers turn to cresol novolac epoxy resin because it delivers the stability needed when traces run millimeters apart and the board faces repeated solder reflow hits. Many high-end multilayer boards use it as their base. Aerospace parts also draw heavily from these resins, blending them into carbon-fiber composites for both strength and fire resistance. Anyone fixing a wing on a UAV or assembling a satellite knows the bond’s not just strong, but proven in rough testing—thermoset composites built with this resin hold fast years down the line.
Every material faces trade-offs. Cresol novolac epoxy resin’s toughness sometimes means tougher processing conditions—its higher viscosity asks for careful handling and mixing. In the quest for sustainability, some critics highlight traditional manufacturing’s environmental impact. To address this, chemical engineers continue developing versions with lower toxicity and better curing efficiency, working to shrink the resin’s footprint. It’s a balancing act, driven by real-world needs for reliability and longevity.
The next time you scroll through your phone or flip a circuit breaker, chances are you’re still benefitting from the barriers created by cresol novolac epoxy resin. Its mix of chemical strength, durability, and heat resistance finds a home where dependability matters most. As technology stretches the limits, this resin remains in demand, shaping safer and longer-lasting products across many fields.
Anyone who’s spent time on tricky construction sites or in a lab trying to solve sticking points with materials knows regular epoxy resin has its limits. Sometimes you need glue and coatings that just keep holding, even after heat cycles, chemical spills, or serious pressure. That’s where cresol novolac epoxy resin steps up. Its backbone structure—with several reactive sites—gives it a tighter, more cross-linked network once cured. This isn’t just science talk; it means you actually see coatings and adhesives hanging tough in conditions that make standard resins break down or peel.
Think about electronics soldered onto a circuit board, or composite parts under the hood of a car. Heat builds up fast, and old-school epoxies start softening or yellowing under repeated cycles. Pieces warp, wiring loses insulation, and eventually, the fix you trusted fails. Cresol novolac epoxy stands firm up to higher temps—pushing past 150°C in many applications—before you even see changes. That translates to fewer repairs, less downtime, and more trust in the materials you use every day.
Factories run on strong cleaners, solvents, and acids most resins can’t handle. Even advanced epoxies end up with blisters, swelling, or breakdown. One thing I’ve seen in industrial floors and chemical tanks lined with cresol novolac epoxy is the stubborn way coatings resist attack from everything from alkalis to harsh solvents. This benefit comes from the way the novolac backbone resists molecular intrusion—in practice, spills just don’t eat into surfaces. Workers spend less time patching and more time running operations.
Mold-makers and carbon fiber shops often complain about resin crazing or microcracks after several production runs, especially with today’s aggressive resins and high cure pressures. Subtle issues in standard epoxies show up as slow decline in dimensional accuracy, warping, or outright chipping. Cresol novolac types hold their shapes far longer, letting tools turn out more parts before they need retiring. Over a year, that saves both money and hassle for anyone trying to squeeze budget life out of expensive gear.
There’s always a place where bolts just won’t reach or welding would melt sensitive parts. Think of patching cracks in concrete, making dual-material medical devices, or bonding glass to metal in fuel cells—jobs where a joint has to shrug off chemicals, vibration, and thermal swings. This is the kind of problem that sent many designers hunting for cresol novolac-based resins. The extra cross-links inside the cured material spread out the mechanical stress more evenly, so cracks don’t get a free pass after a hard knock or thump. Assembly lines move faster and with less rework.
Tough jobs call for tough materials, and cresol novolac epoxy resin is one of those rare upgrades that you can actually see and feel in the field. Labs and factories have run hundreds of hours of thermal cycling, solvent soaking, and bend testing. Data backs up what real-world repairs and builds have shown for years: when repair matters, or when failures cost not just money but safety, this resin pulls ahead of standard choices. If budgets allow, or if the project has no room for do-overs, this kind of performance is worth its upfront cost in my book. Anyone serious about long-term reliability should at least consider the switch—it pays off over time with projects that last and don’t let you down.
Epoxy resins, especially of the cresol novolac type, play a bigger role than most folks might realize. Whenever I see industrial floors or electronic assemblies claimed to last a decade, I wonder what’s keeping them so tough. The secret usually lies in the curing agent. Choosing the right hardener breathes life into a resin, giving it the power to resist heat, chemicals, and plain old wear.
For cresol novolac epoxy resin, the chemistry always comes back to phenolic or amine curing agents. Each brings a different flavor to the table. Industrial coatings that need to survive boiling reactions or daily scrubbing often run on phenolic hardeners. These agents can take the heat, literally, because they link up the resin molecules so tightly that even aggressive chemicals and temperatures higher than a pizza oven won’t shake them apart. I’ve seen tank linings and printed circuit boards rely on this combo for years—saving companies the pain of repeated repairs.
Most people walking through a factory or parking structure probably don’t think twice about the gleam on the concrete, but amine-cured coatings make that shine last. Amine curing agents—like cycloaliphatic and aliphatic amines—push novolac resins to cure at room temperature. The result? A sturdy surface with chemical staying power. If a business owner asks me what will outlast salt, cleaning agents, and foot traffic, my answer involves these tough amines.
Aromatic amines, including DDM (4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane), step up the game for electronics or plumbing. I’ve met engineers who swear by this combo, since it handles moisture and holds its shape even under electric stress. The insulation on many critical electrical parts owes its grit to these aromatic amines bridging with cresol novolac epoxy.
Factories rarely have time to wait around for resins to set. Accelerators, such as imidazoles and tertiary amines, come into play here. A dash in the mix speeds up a cure without sacrificing reliability. I’ve noticed this is a game-changer on fast-paced jobs where downtime is not an option, like pipe repair or spot-coating large tanks. Too much accelerator, though, and the mix gets brittle. It’s a balancing act, so good labs run dozens of trial batches before buying a barrel.
No single hardener solves every problem. Some shops demand high-gloss, others need nothing short of fireproof. Regulatory rules don’t make it any easier—if you walk through a semiconductor plant, half the choices are about avoiding toxic side effects for workers. I’ve sat in plenty of meetings where folks debate between heat resistance, cost, or curing speed. For me, the conversation always circles back to facts: phenolic agents defend best against heat, amines ease the process, and picking the right combination prevents big, expensive headaches down the road.
Every year brings a new resin or hardener tweak aimed at tougher regs or greener processing. The reality remains—matched right, these curing agents unlock the potential packed into every barrel of cresol novolac epoxy. It’s not just mixing chemicals; it’s deciding how long something will last, how safe it is, and how often it gets replaced. That matters in every project I’ve watched succeed or fail.
Factories, pipelines, tank linings, and printed circuit boards face constant chemical attack. Many plastics break down after a short encounter with acids, bases, or aggressive solvents. Cresol novolac epoxy resin, built from a dense aromatic network and multiple reactive sites, brings a toughness you rarely see in regular epoxies. I’ve seen floor coatings in battery manufacturing plants last years longer because this resin shrugs off sulfuric acid splashes and caustic solutions.
The resin manages strong acids like nitric or hydrochloric with less softening than cheaper polymers. Even some solvent exposure—think toluene or xylene—rarely causes more than superficial mark-ups. The network of methyl groups on the cresol backbone makes it less likely to warp or delaminate. For industries that must clean surfaces with aggressive mixtures or run processes at the edge, swapping to this resin often stops cycles of costly repair and shutdown. Lab results from third-party testing show that the percent mass change in novolac epoxy samples immersed in acids after weeks comes in far lower than those based on bisphenol-A.
Thermal resistance doesn’t just show up in textbooks; it means electronics don’t fry on hot days, and infrastructure outlasts heatwaves or sudden fires. Some coatings lose their strength and embrittle as heat creeps above 110°C. Cresol novolac epoxy resin often sails past 150°C, keeping integrity long after many competitors start blistering or turning to dust.
I’ve had conversations with engineers in power plants where electrical insulators need to function for decades, not just for months. They don’t have patience for resins that get soft or brittle. This resin features a glass transition temperature often topping 170°C, so strength stays put during thermal cycling. PCB manufacturers especially praise this: board layers don’t shift, melt, or produce noxious byproducts under soldering temperatures. Every year, field data from refinery painters and electric utilities stack up, pointing to these epoxies as the best fit for punishing, high-temperature jobs.
The secret sauce lies in structure: plenty of available sites for crosslinking, a rigid backbone that resists chemical intrusion, and extra stability under thermal load. Other systems—like bisphenol-F or basic bisphenol-A—fall behind in both acid resistance and retention of mechanical properties above 120°C. From what I’ve seen, parts built with novolac resin often handle tricky spots in semiconductor plants or chemical storage tanks where everything else fails.
Practical shifts become obvious after teams switch to this resin. Fewer unscheduled shutdowns, less blistering on coatings, and no more irritating delamination stories after thermal shock. Some engineers try to cut costs by downgrading, but hidden maintenance costs usually outweigh the penny-pinching moves. There’s not much point in replacing floors, pipes, or panels every couple of years when a smarter resin could quiet the repairs and downtime.
A few hurdles still need tackling. Processing demands more care; incomplete curing leaves pockets vulnerable to attack. Training every technician so they mix, spread, and post-cure the right way makes a world of difference. Improvements in toughening the resin against physical impacts without sacrificing chemical strength would boost its reach.
Teams aiming to stretch asset lifespan and cut reactive maintenance look close at the long-term performance data. Durable chemical and thermal resistance gives industries a shot at reducing both environmental risk and ongoing expenses. In a field packed with choices, this resin earns its place through staying power, proven in some of the roughest corners of manufacturing.
Anyone in the business of manufacturing electronics or specialty coatings knows the stress of a ruined raw material batch. Cresol novolac epoxy resin isn't forgiving when storage rules get bent. Living through that surprise, with hundreds of kilos gelling up or losing performance, you want to pay attention to storage recommendations the next time around.
Cresol novolac epoxy resin stays at its best in a cool, dry, and clean environment. Over the past decade, both small and industrial scale manufacturers use sealed steel or HDPE drums with gasketed lids. Temperatures above 30°C invite trouble, so aiming for a consistent 20–25°C gives peace of mind. It’s not just about preventing clumping; excessive heat triggers reactions inside the resin itself, which shortens its usable life long before the "official" best-by date.
Humidity is a quiet saboteur. Moisture mingles with the resin, creating haze and unwanted viscosity changes. There’s wisdom in keeping the drums off cold concrete—use pallets to keep air circulating and avoid condensation. Dust and other contaminants never belong in a resin store room. Using proper PPE, keeping containers tightly closed, and labeling each batch prevents accidental mix-ups and expensive cleanups.
Shelf life is not a number someone pulls out of thin air; it’s tested thoroughly. Most manufacturers publish 12 to 24 months as the recommended shelf life for cresol novolac epoxy resin. Realistically, unopened and sealed drums, kept in optimal conditions, continue to process well for up to two years. Open drums cut down the lifespan significantly. Oxygen and handy moisture sneak in each time the drum is opened. Using up open stock quickly has saved more than a few production runs.
Physical signs tell their own story. Any sign of crystallization, thickening, or deposits means a fresh quality check. Resin that moves easily when tipped, looks clear, and has a consistent amber shine is in good shape. It’s wise to sample and test stored resin at intervals, especially for mission-critical jobs. Some companies keep a log of batch testing results, catching problems before they ruin product runs.
Poor storage chews up time and money. A spoiled batch means throwing away product, cleaning tanks, and juggling delivery schedules. Worse, degraded resin can leave customers with faulty electronics or peeling coatings—and no one wants to rebuild trust from scratch. Safety is another concern. Faulty resin can cause unexpected exothermic reactions, risking both staff safety and equipment.
Resin costs keep climbing, and insurance against loss is better than paying for it later. Taking these storage recommendations seriously cuts down waste and unexpected failures. Over the years, colleagues who stuck with best practices found fewer headaches, happier clients, and better profit margins.
Training matters at all levels. New staff should practice proper storage and drum handling. Audit checklists, temperature logs, and periodic retraining sessions help keep everyone on the same page. Investing in insulated storage rooms or air conditioning may seem expensive, but it pays off with less spoilage.
For specialty users, small batch splitting into airtight containers reduces the exposure risk when only small quantities are required per job. Tracking resin age and rotating stock can also reduce waste. Pushing for supplier transparency on production and testing data adds another layer of confidence.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | poly[oxy(methyl-1,4-phenylene)methylene-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene] |
| Other names |
Epoxy Novolac Resin Phenolic Novolac Epoxy Resin Phenol Novolac Epoxy Novolac Epoxy Novolac Epoxy Resin |
| Pronunciation | /ˈkriː.sɒl nəˈvəʊ.læk ɪˈpɒk.si ˈriː.zɪn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 72244-98-5 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1312995 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:88221 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2103832 |
| ChemSpider | 21542106 |
| DrugBank | DB14051 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03fa8eaf-6c9a-446b-a2e9-07dbfc0c90bf |
| EC Number | EC 500-006-8 |
| Gmelin Reference | 109765 |
| KEGG | C00451 |
| MeSH | Cresols"[MeSH] |
| PubChem CID | 129701003 |
| RTECS number | SL6930000 |
| UNII | YD42Y5P7NC |
| UN number | UN3082 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID6020849 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | (C₁₅H₁₆O₂)n |
| Molar mass | 370.4 g/mol |
| Appearance | Light yellow to yellow brown solid |
| Odor | Slight phenolic odor |
| Density | 1.18 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | insoluble |
| log P | 2.1 |
| Vapor pressure | < 0.03 hPa (25°C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | ~13 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 11.2 |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.57 |
| Viscosity | 6500 - 9000 mPa.s |
| Dipole moment | 1.8 - 3.2 D |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | 390730 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed, causes skin irritation, causes serious eye irritation, may cause an allergic skin reaction. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS09 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H315, H317, H319, H411 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P333+P313, P362+P364, P501 |
| Flash point | > 252°C (Closed Cup) |
| Autoignition temperature | Autoignition temperature: > 600°C |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): >2,000 mg/kg (Rat, oral) |
| PEL (Permissible) | 50 ppm |
| REL (Recommended) | 0.1 mg/m³ |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Not established |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Bisphenol A epoxy resin Phenol-formaldehyde resin Cresol formaldehyde resin Epoxy phenol novolac resin Bisphenol F epoxy resin |
