Chitosan-catechol didn’t emerge out of nowhere. Chitosan comes from chitin, a tough material found in the shells of shrimp and crabs. For a long time, chitosan found its place in water treatment or as a dietary supplement, mainly due to its ability to bond with fats and metals. Researchers saw its promise, but for medical and adhesive uses, it struggled against challenges related to strong attachment and stability. That’s where catechol entered the scene. Inspired by the adhesive proteins of marine mussels, which stick stubbornly to rocks, scientists grafted catechol groups onto chitosan. The move added a sticky quality and resistance to water, opening a new chapter for chitosan-based innovations. Over the last decade, chitosan-catechol steadily made its way into lab benches and product prototypes, with notable progress in tissue engineering and wound care around 2013 to 2017, as researchers reported stronger bonding and better wet adhesion. From a crustacean byproduct to a specialty material, the shift highlights how ancient materials can evolve with a dash of biochemistry.
At its core, chitosan-catechol combines two distinct parts: a biopolymer backbone from chitosan and sticky, catechol-rich groups attached along the chain. This combination transforms regular chitosan into a sticky gel or film, depending on how much catechol and crosslinking go into the process. It stands out for its biocompatibility—meaning it works safely inside the body for things like wound care, tissue scaffolding, or even drug delivery. Where regular glues break down or lose grip in a wet environment, chitosan-catechol clings on, making it a good pick for medical devices or adhesives that must perform inside a human body or underwater. Most products come in powder, hydrogel, or solution—each tailored for labs, industrial needs, or clinical use. With the right preparation, it can hold cells in place, grab onto tissues, or stabilize nanoparticles for precise drug transport.
Chitosan-catechol walks a fine line between flexible and robust. The backbone, chitosan, naturally dissolves in weak acid, but when you graft catechol groups onto it, the stickiness and solubility shift. The resulting material usually ranges in color from pale yellow to brown, with a texture that runs from gel to sponge if crosslinked. The adhesive quality comes from hydrogen bonding and covalent connections through the catechol part. Catechol brings antioxidant properties, which means it can help prevent oxidative damage—handy for biomedical use. The combined material can swell in water, cling to organic or mineral surfaces, and launch ionic exchange reactions because of the amine and hydroxyl groups built into the chain. Its density and viscosity depend a lot on how much catechol gets added and how crosslinked the chains are.
Most chitosan-catechol products arrive with a degree of substitution, showing what proportion of chitosan’s amine groups have catechol attached. It matters—a higher substitution delivers more stickiness but changes solubility and sometimes reduces the ease of use. Molecular weight matters too, since low-molecular-weight chitosan flows easily but produces weaker gels. You might see claims about adhesive strength in kilopascals, swelling ratios in percentage, and pH compatibility ranges—usually pH 4 to 7 for bio-adhesion purposes. Good labeling highlights not just the polymer’s mass but details about residual solvents and endotoxin levels, which matter in medical and food applications. Shelf life might stretch to two years in dry, sealed containers kept out of sunlight and heat.
The preparation takes several steps. Add catechol molecules to the chitosan backbone using coupling agents like EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide) or NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide). Mix chitosan, dissolved in weak acid, with catechol (often as dopamine hydrochloride or a similar compound). Add the coupling agents to link the free amines on chitosan with the catechol's carboxyl, forming a stable amide bond. Adjust the pH and temperature to boost reaction yield. Purify the product by repeated precipitation and washing to remove residual chemicals. Dry under reduced pressure to leave powder or stabilize as a hydrogel. Production in controlled cleanrooms reduces contamination, especially when products end up in medical devices or pharmaceutical packages.
On a molecular level, chitosan-catechol glues together through covalent amide bonds—these don’t easily fall apart in water, so the merged polymer works well in wet or internal environments. Beyond the initial linking, more chemistry can tune its sheet or fiber structure. Crosslinking with agents like genipin or sodium periodate tightens the material, improving mechanical strength or changing swelling behavior. Catechol’s oxidative chemistry comes into play too: under mild alkaline or oxidative conditions, the catechol groups can form quinones or participate in Michael addition reactions, further locking the network together or adding new groups for targeted drug delivery. In some research labs, the surface gets further grafted with peptides or anti-inflammatory drugs—either by click chemistry or mild enzymatic methods—helping push chitosan-catechol into areas from wound healing to anti-scarring therapies.
Chitosan-catechol has picked up a few labels over its brief commercial run. You might spot it listed as “catechol-modified chitosan,” “mussel-inspired chitosan adhesive,” “DOPA-chitosan,” or under brand-specific names in medtech catalogs. It won’t masquerade as basic chitosan powder—its stickiness and chemical composition set it apart both in research articles and on shipping manifests. For health and regulatory filings, the full name often spells out the intended use, such as “chitosan-grafted dopamine for bioadhesive applications.”
Handling chitosan-catechol in a workplace or lab environment usually takes gloves, goggles, and maybe a fume hood, mainly to avoid irritation and dust inhalation. For most users, the parent chitosan comes from crustacean shells, so shellfish allergy risk exists. Industrial chitosan gets treated to minimize protein contamination, but anyone with allergies should take extra precautions. As for residual chemicals left over from synthesis (EDC, NHS, or unreacted catechol groups), purification steps and batch testing play a huge role. Medical grades require endotoxin levels below accepted thresholds set by agencies like the US Pharmacopeia or European Pharmacopeia, and biocompatibility testing forms the baseline for any clinical use. Disposal of waste, especially catechol-laced solvents, follows hazardous protocols to avoid environmental harm.
Much of the excitement about chitosan-catechol centers on its sticky, bio-friendly nature. In medicine, it helps with wound closure—forming a tough hydrogel bandage that clings even in the presence of blood or body fluids. It gives surgeons another tool for closing wounds without traditional stitches, reducing infection risk and speeding recovery. In tissue engineering, these polymers form scaffolds that hold cells steady as they grow into new tissue or organs, with added antioxidant protection from the catechol. Outside hospitals, lab teams use it to coat nanoparticles, boosting drug delivery accuracy, and in some cases, as a base for sensors that detect toxins or pathogens. In environmental cleanups, its ability to bind heavy metals finds a role, though less flashily than in surgical theaters. Agriculture, dentistry, and cosmetics see trickles of research too, either as controlled-release carriers or natural adhesives for green products.
Research continues at a fast pace. Top bioengineering labs across Asia, Europe, and North America weigh formulas, mixing different chitosan and catechol ratios, swapping crosslinking agents, and exploring add-ons from growth factors to antibiotics. Published papers track improvements in adhesive strength, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity. Teams seek to prove how chitosan-catechol holds up under real hospital pressures—like the blood-soaked field of trauma surgery or the high-moisture environment of the mouth. Journals report animal studies showing better healing rates and less tissue inflammation than some synthetic glues. Technological advances—in microfabrication and molecular grafting—keep feeding the pipeline of patent filings. Companies watch regulatory hurdles and look for scalable, food-safe grades so chitosan-catechol might one day find a home in everything from medical patches to food packaging.
Safety isn’t just a checkbox. Teams examine every stage, from raw material origin to end-of-life breakdown. Toxicity testing starts with cell cultures, where most data show low risk for cultured skin cells and fibroblasts. In rodent studies, applying chitosan-catechol gels to wounds rarely triggers allergic reactions or tissue necrosis, though high doses of unreacted catechol or poor purification can irritate tissues or stress the kidney. Researchers keep a close eye on environmental breakdown—how quickly products degrade, if they leave behind toxic residues, and whether aquatic organisms show any negative effects. Academic reviews recommend careful purity checks and ongoing monitoring, but for medical-grade batches produced under strict protocols, the material demonstrates a strong safety profile.
Chitosan-catechol stands poised to shift both healthcare and “green” tech. As more hospitals embrace tissue-friendly adhesives, new markets emerge for minimally invasive surgery and regenerative medicine. Where traditional plastics or harsh glues fail, this sticky biopolymer opens up less traumatic options for both patients and caregivers. Outside medicine, the drive for sustainable packaging, non-toxic coatings, and responsive materials puts chitosan-catechol in the spotlight, especially as biorefinery technologies scale up shellfish chitosan extraction. As patents expire and production costs come down, expect more cross-sector innovation—from flexible electronics to plant-based textiles. People might soon find chitosan-catechol in anything from wound dressings to water filters, pushed by consumer desire for safer, more nature-inspired products. Progress depends on smart regulations, transparent supply chains, and good communication between developers, regulators, and the communities that will benefit.
Chitosan-catechol blends ideas from nature and chemistry. Chitosan starts as a sugar from shellfish shells, usually shrimp or crab. Chemists add catechol, a sticky molecule found in mussels. These creatures stick to rocks and ship hulls despite strong currents and ocean waves. Catechol is their secret. By tying it to chitosan, science connects strong natural glue to one of the safest materials you can find.
Mussels use catechol to grip rough, wet surfaces. Chitosan already sticks to wounds and helps tissues heal. When catechol hooks to chitosan, the material gets both strength and flexibility. It creates tight bonds, even in wet or salty environments. That means this glue can patch a bleeding vessel in the middle of surgery or help a skin wound heal faster without coming loose.
I worked in a hospital wound care clinic for eight years. I saw how tough it can be to keep bandages stuck on people who sweat a lot or have oily skin. Gauze would drift or peel up after just a few hours. The dream was always to find something that sticks like a mussel and can come off without pain. Chitosan-catechol works closer to that dream than anything else we tried. In small studies, wounds treated with this glue closed up quicker and seemed less likely to catch infection.
Doctors want to seal wounds fast, keep germs out, and protect the body’s own cells. Chitosan by itself already blocks some bacteria and speeds healing. The sticky catechol side anchors dressings and glues where blood or moisture challenge other products. Some types of chitosan dissolve in the body over time, so stitches aren’t always needed later.
Scientists have published work showing catechol bonds to metals, plastics, and living tissues. In lab tests, surgeons closed lung tissue with chitosan-catechol glue, stopping leaks without extra stitches. Fewer stitches usually means less scarring and lower risk of infection.
Most chemical glues in medicine or industry come from oil. They leave behind waste after use. Chitosan comes from crustacean waste that would get dumped in landfills. Turning it into useful glue keeps more trash out of the environment. If the body can break down the leftover glue safely, that means fewer worries about toxic leftovers inside us.
Mass-producing chitosan-catechol at a low enough cost takes work. Some people have allergies to shellfish; scientists look for ways to filter out proteins and reduce risk. The world’s craving for seafood means we have a steady source of raw material, but price and purity shifts with climate and demand. Chemists work on synthetic versions that start with plant starch instead.
If we keep pushing for better ways to use nature’s blueprints, materials like chitosan-catechol could shift entire industries. Medicine gets safer glues and less waste. Food packaging can create strong, biodegradable seals rather than plastic. Even electronics or construction may look to this sticky idea for greener solutions.
Chitosan isn’t especially flashy. It’s a biopolymer you get from shrimp shells and mushroom cell walls, often tossed into labs or warehouses stacked alongside other powders. Fuse it with catechol, though, and it changes quite a bit. Catechol brings a sticky, versatile energy borrowed straight from mussel adhesive proteins that glue mollusks to rocks. This combination works wonders. It comes in as a reliable helper for people working with wounds, water filtration, and drug delivery.
In practical medicine, chitosan-catechol really earns its keep when dressing wounds. I’ve seen traditional bandages peel and fall during a shift, or soak up a mess without protecting tissue. Chitosan-catechol-based gels stick firmly to skin, stay put, and keep infections at bay. Hospitals turn to these sticky gels to tackle open wounds, deep cuts, or even post-surgery areas where they work double duty: they keep a healthy environment for skin cells to repair while stopping any unruly bacteria from sneaking in.
The sticky nature comes right out of the catechol chemistry. Mussels use a similar trick to stay in place on wet rocks, which explains why surgeons appreciate patches or glues made from chitosan-catechol. Wet conditions don’t scare this material. When I see complaints about ordinary sutures causing scarring or slow healing, it makes sense that a material which holds up in wetness and lessens inflammation gets top marks from the experts.
Clean water isn’t optional. Tap water sometimes smells of chlorine or has unexpected cloudiness. In a lab, I saw chitosan-catechol pull metals and pollutants from cloudy samples faster than basic carbon filters. The catechol functional group latches onto metals and certain organic molecules much more tightly than standard filters. That works for cities cleaning up river intakes, but also for rural water sources where people rely on DIY filtration kits after floods or storms.
This isn’t empty hype. Studies in Korea and the US have documented chitosan-catechol filters grabbing lead, copper, and dyes from industry waste streams with sharp efficiency. That translates to fewer heavy metals in food chains and less pollution rushing into local lakes. Everyday home filtration pitchers may seem simple, but technologies born from this research trickle down into those cartridges over time.
Anyone who’s taken bitter antibiotics for days at a stretch knows the agony of side effects. Chitosan-catechol appeals to drug makers because it can coat pills or form nano-delivery carriers. It releases medicine only where it counts, such as directly on inflamed tissues or within tumors. The stickiness directs drugs at target areas, meaning less wasted medicine and fewer harsh impacts on the whole body.
In cancer research, this approach improves chemotherapy results. It means stronger doses go right to tumors, not healthy organs. I’ve talked with pharmacy students tracking how chitosan-catechol interacts with cells. Under the microscope, cells pull in these nano-sized carriers and absorb their medicine without much trouble. This precision can make tough treatments gentler and more effective.
Chitosan-catechol’s versatility comes from combining abundant natural resources with clever chemistry. Its staying power in wet areas keeps wounds safe and speeds up healing. In water filters it grabs and holds pollutants, providing cleaner water. Its role in targeted drug delivery saves healthy parts of patients from unnecessary harm. If research helps cut costs and scale up production, this material could make a real difference across hospitals, homes, and factories. The sooner it becomes affordable, the fewer barriers there will be to solving problems we face every day.
In recent years, researchers and product developers have taken a keen interest in chitosan-catechol, a combination of natural chitosan with catechol molecules. Chitosan comes from the shells of crustaceans, like shrimp and crabs. It’s already familiar in wound dressings, dietary supplements, and water purification. Catechol, on the other hand, is a compound commonly found in plants, and it’s known for its strong adhesive properties. Mixing the two creates a material that sticks to wet surfaces, forming strong, flexible films or hydrogels. This opens many doors for surgical glues, patches, and coatings in food packaging.
Questions about safety always come up before anything goes near our food or bodies. Regulatory agencies look at how a new ingredient breaks down, how the body handles it, and if it triggers allergies or toxicity. Chitosan is already considered low-risk for most people. It doesn’t build up in the body and typically passes through, although those with shellfish allergies might need to be careful. Studies have even pointed out that it sometimes causes minor stomach upset if consumed in large amounts.
Catechol on its own is a different story. Certain natural forms, like those in tea and some fruits, are perfectly safe. Synthetic or altered catechols, though, sometimes cause irritation or react unpredictably. Chitosan-catechol links the two, essentially locking catechol in a natural-based framework. This seems to make it less likely to be absorbed into the bloodstream or interact with tissues in a harmful way.
Plenty of animal studies show chitosan-catechol mixes help wounds heal faster and seal tissues better than traditional glues. Researchers in South Korea, China, and the United States have compared the compound with standard adhesives and found fewer inflammatory reactions, less scar tissue, and no obvious spread of chemicals through the body. In rat and rabbit studies, wounds closed with chitosan-catechol healed within days. The sticky films eventually broke down into harmless sugars and amino acids. Rates of infection even dropped when compared to untreated wounds.
Assessing safety for food applications, scientists look for release of chemicals into food itself. Tests on simulated food packaging show very slow migration of any material from the film to the food, which hints at minimal risk. No significant toxicity has been seen in lab tests where the film contacts food over several days, even at high temperatures.
No material is risk-free, especially in a world where people react differently to the same substances. Long-term human data remains in short supply. Clinical studies are small, and focus mostly on short-term wound healing. Nobody can say with full confidence what years of exposure might do, especially for infants, immune-compromised patients, or those with allergies. I’ve talked to doctors who value chitosan’s effectiveness and gentleness, but they still want larger-scale safety checks.
One concern is quality control. Batch-to-batch purity matters, since chitosan comes from natural sources that sometimes carry contaminants. Manufacturing environments and cleaning processes make a big difference. Companies claiming “medical grade” status face constant oversight and inspection to keep standards high.
Experience with other bio-based materials tells me there’s a tradeoff—new options offer safer and greener choices, but not all the unknowns disappear just because the label says “natural.” Chitosan-catechol does stand out for its non-toxic base ingredients and favorable lab results. Moving forward, continued research, routine monitoring, and honest labeling will play key roles in building trust. For now, most evidence points toward safe use in both medical and food contexts, so long as the production keeps to strict guidelines and more in-depth studies continue.
Chitosan-catechol belongs to the newer set of bio-based materials finding a home in research and specialty product development. If you’ve ever worked around chemical labs or biotech startups, the talk about fresh polymers and compounds always feels exciting until it gets to keeping them stable. Chitosan-catechol complicates things with its dual natural and synthetic sides. I’ve seen some promising data wasted just from letting a batch sit near a window for half a week.
From every guidance I’ve followed and from what successful labs have documented, sunlight and exposure to air cause the most trouble for chitosan-catechol. It holds moisture, attracts oxygen, and those catechol groups love to oxidize. With time, this means color changes, stickier material, and reduced function. Keeping it under 8°C in a refrigerator preserves its key features. A thick-walled amber bottle or a tightly sealed container out of the light blocks photodegradation and slows down the oxidation. Moisture control counts, too. Silica gel packets work for removing humidity in the storage area or inside the container itself. Old-school plastic bags let in water vapor; proper lab-grade vials or bottles, not so much.
Just about every chemical has handling protocols floating around, but the ones that matter come from watching what actually happens in the lab. Chitosan-catechol won’t vaporize, so inhalation risks stay low. Dry powder form can irritate if you touch your face before washing up, especially with sensitive skin. Every open container releases a fine dust that can settle unnoticed, so wearing gloves and goggles narrows the risk. The sticky nature after exposure creates another issue—contaminating bench space easily. I’ve lost track of how many pipettes get gummed up or how many balances get unreliable from sticky residue. Lining surfaces with disposable pads or using specific weighing boats helps keep the rest of the workspace free of contamination.
One thing that stands out among research-grade facilities and scaleup operations: clear, legible labeling. Sounds obvious, but emergencies and routine accidents catch up with poor documentation. Every batch gets a date and a batch number. Labs that record storage dates and conditions avoid confusion if a material stops working as expected. Digital record-keeping helps trace any batch to storage practices or incidents, saving a lot of troubleshooting time down the road. Reading through a stack of failed experiments, most issues point back to handling slips or unlabeled samples sitting around open for days. Instilling the habit of writing down both the date received and storage conditions keeps everyone honest and supported.
Researchers and small biomanufacturers have a habit of relying on manufacturer tips alone. Community forums where scientists share real-world failures and tips around chitosan-catechol tend to reveal added tricks: double-sealing containers for long-term storage, never reusing spatulas between batches, chilling samples before and after working with them to stop any unforeseen reactions. Investing in proper fridges and low-oxygen storage units feels like a hassle, but watching a high-value batch degrade proves costlier. I’ve seen teams swing from lost yield to consistent results by just fixing basic handling, skipping shortcuts, and not trusting memory alone during busy seasons.
In the bioengineering world, you learn that luck favors those who respect the quirks of their materials. Treating chitosan-catechol with care and some real-world discipline—in storage, handling, and documentation—pays off in both the data and overall lab morale. No one likes repeating experiments just because a powder picked up moisture over the weekend. Keeping processes simple but strict means more success stories and less wasted effort, both in big projects and the smaller, daily routines that build them.
Chitosan starts its journey in crustacean shells, hitting shelves as a familiar name in wound healing and water purification. Years ago, people raved about regular chitosan simply for how it stopped bleeding, supported antibacterial dressings, and pulled pollutants from murky water. Life moves on, research never stops, and chemists dream up new possibilities. The new kid in the lab, chitosan-catechol, builds on everything chitosan already does. I remember seeing a journal article about this combination and realizing it could mean cleaner hospitals and tougher materials with a few clever additions.
Hospitals love anything that sticks firmly and stays safe for patients. Catechol comes inspired by mussels: think about how mussels cling to rocks through waves and tides, thanks to catechol chemistry. By attaching catechol to chitosan, labs unlock a glue-like ability. I’ve seen wound dressings with chitosan that sometimes slip or peel, especially when wounds ooze fluids. Chitosan-catechol stays in place, even when wet, holding wounds shut better. People imagine fewer dressing changes, less risk of infections, and more comfort for patients.
Wounds heal faster when infections can’t settle in. Regular chitosan helps this process, but chitosan-catechol goes a step further. Adding catechol gives a stronger surface that bacteria can’t easily colonize. Recent research from Korean and American teams shows that wound closure happens quicker. Swelling and redness drop noticeably in animal studies. Healthcare workers need bandages and tissue glues that fight germs on contact. Doctors using catechol-modified dressings report fewer cases where wounds turn nasty with infections.
Anyone working with wastewater knows the headaches that come from removing heavy metals and dyes. Chitosan on its own grabs a lot of unwanted contaminants, but chitosan-catechol manages even tougher pollutants. I’ve helped community groups experiment with water cleaning systems. We learned chitosan-catechol takes less time and snags more toxins in tricky samples. Its catechol part brings extra adhesive strength, catching things that regular chitosan might miss.
Researchers in my circles talk about the challenges of keeping coatings attached to medical devices or contact lenses. Regular chitosan flakes off after some use—think about catheters or surgical tools. The catechol variant grabs on and stays robust, cutting down the rate of device failures. Manufacturers find it easier to shape and cure these coatings, too. That means fewer recalls and longer-lasting products for clinics and patients at home.
People in materials science bet big on small tweaks. Chitosan-catechol, with its mix of natural roots and engineered benefits, shows up in wearable tech, drug delivery patches, and even food safety wraps. These fields value materials that stick, heal, and defend against germs without harsh chemicals. Researchers keep pushing for greener, safer solutions, and chitosan-catechol fits this direction. As production scales up, prices should fall, putting it within reach for more industries and communities.
Scaling up brings its own set of hurdles. Catechol needs careful handling during synthesis. Some folks wonder about side effects—what’s safe for a mussel isn’t always simple in a hospital. Researchers and regulators will need to study long-term impacts on people and the environment. Transparency and independent testing count for everything here. Listening to feedback from doctors, engineers, and everyday users helps fine-tune these new materials until they really deliver on their early promise.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | poly[(1→4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose]-N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzyl) |
| Other names |
ChitoCate |
| Pronunciation | /ˈkaɪtəˌsæn ˈkætɪkɒl/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 1253504-34-3 |
| Beilstein Reference | 2696796 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:139517 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2181933 |
| DrugBank | DB11360 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03c965884fd5-4d57-a3fc-9aa5db6a82d2 |
| EC Number | 7601-89-0 |
| Gmelin Reference | 11917378 |
| KEGG | C01776 |
| MeSH | D020066 |
| PubChem CID | 10481195 |
| RTECS number | BKZ7N1T070 |
| UNII | VO14AD545T |
| UN number | UN3077 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID109386232 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | (C6H11NO4)n(C8H9NO2)m |
| Molar mass | 608.7 g/mol |
| Appearance | Light yellow powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 0.15–0.20 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Soluble in water |
| log P | -3.49 |
| Acidity (pKa) | 7.2 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 6.12 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | −8.2 × 10⁻⁶ emu/g |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.570 |
| Viscosity | 15,000–25,000 cP |
| Dipole moment | 3.96 Debye |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 416.108 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Causes skin irritation. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause respiratory irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | GHS05, GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | Hazard statements: Causes skin irritation. Causes serious eye irritation. |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P362+P364, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-0-0 |
| LD50 (median dose) | >2000 mg/kg (rat) |
| NIOSH | Not Listed |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 100-200 mg/L |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Unknown |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Chitosan Catechol Dopamine Chitosan-PEG Chitosan-Gallic Acid Chitosan-Tyramine Chitosan-Polyphenol Chitosan-Quercetin |
